Intolerable Common Names

This post is I suppose a minor one. But I thought readers deserved an explanation.

(I also suppose that the basic premise of this post is that - for the planet to survive, we who care need to develop messages and language and communication that make the science accessible to most people.) 

Common names can be changed in response to common use. Decades ago, a sweet, generous, and otherwise obviously virtuous elderly Illinois Nature Preserve donor spoke to me of her love of wildflowers  resulting from her grandfather long ago taking her and her siblings to nature on Sunday afternoons and showing and teaching about the beautiful trilliums, dog-toothed violets, and what she called "N-word-toes". Except that she used the actual N-word. Really? There was a lovely wildflower once referred to by respectable people using the N-word? That name is gone and rightly forgotten. I've never even wanted to find out what species she was referring to.

This post at this moment results from a helpful comment on another post here by Dan Carter of the Prairie Enthusiasts. I had referred to Orobanche uniflora by one of its common names: ghost pipes. 

Soon they'll be up. What will we call them? Ghost pipes?

Dan had written "Oh, not ghost pipes. I'm referring to Orobanche uniflora - not Monotropa uniflora."

I responded to Dan: 

Sorry for the confusion. "Ghost pipes" here is a common name for Orobanche uniflora. We call Monotropa "Indian pipes". Perhaps showing questionable judgment, I often use common names, believing that many "learning stage" new conservationists will find them accessible - and the pros should know both names, scientific and common. But "ghost pipes" may not be that great a common name to use, in that it's about the "third most common." "Broom rape" and "cancer root" seem to be more common, but I'm reluctant to burden this beautiful non-rapist, non-cancerous plant with either of them.  

Indian pipes

At least one other person cares about the negative-sounding names for ghost pipes.  A sweet and informative New York Times article called the "Plant That Must Not Be Named" discusses its plight. If by any chance you know any common names that work better for this plant, please let us know. 

But, to return to the overall disarray of plant common names, compare much superior system that bird conservationists have. They agree on world-wide (or perhaps English-speaking peoples wide?) names, and most everyone sticks to them. Thus popular bird science is less confusing than plant science. Specialists and non-specialists can converse using easily recognizable names. When the "slate-colored junco" turned out repeatedly to be scientifically unsupportable as a species, it's scientific name stayed the same (in our region), and common names were changed: from slate-colored junco (1950) to northern junco (1980) to dark-eyed junco (2003 and today). In regions where birds formerly considered 'variants' turned out scientifically to be species, the scientific and common names were both changed. And everyone could continue to talk about them all with most of us using simple common names.  

Botanists don't do that. 

They change scientific names mercilessly and frequently, but at least there's science behind it. Common names replace each other at the whim of the botanist. In the case of Plants of the Chicago Region, there was an admirable light-heartedness about it. Conobea multifida was dubbed "Obe-Wan-Conobea." The "hairy green sedge" of Plants of the Chicago Region got its name changed to "fuzzy-wuzzy sedge" in Flora of the Chicago Region. But every sedge book seems to have different names for the sedges, and it seems hardly worth the labor to memorize them, as so few people know the sedges by common names. The people I know mostly just learn and use scientific names for the sedges.

And then there are those names changed to make them more respectable. The plant charmingly called "bastard toadflax" in most old books is cleaned up and called "false toadflax" in many new books. Is that necessary? "False indigo" is called "wild indigo" to make it sound more righteous. To me, if the old names seem more true, I stick to them.

On the other hand "wood betony" was once called "lousewort" because of a false belief that it gave cows lice. The change to betony seems good. 

Did the beautiful and descriptive "prairie white-fringed orchid" need to change? I say no. Its scientific name was and is Platanthera leucophaea. But two fine botanists (Charles Sheviak and Marlin Bowles) determined that two different species were being called by that name. West of the Mississippi, the plant that seemed the same turned out to have fewer and larger flowers and other differences. They gave that western plant the scientific name Platanthera praeclara and the common name "western prairie fringed orchid." So far, so good. But then they proposed re-naming our long-cherished plant to "eastern prairie fringed orchid." I don't buy it. Beautiful, you'll always be "prairie white-fringed orchid"  to me.  

In the case of great-blue lobelia, the scientific name is the problem. Long called Lobelia siphilitica - because of a discredited belief that it could cure syphilis - this fine plant deserves better. A scientific name shouldn't be misleading and distracting. I don't use it. Great-blue lobelia is fine for me. For common names, unfortunately, people can continue to have different opinions.                

Acknowledgements 

Orobanche photo courtesy of Clifftop and Bob Weck, Southwestern Illinois College.

Indian pipes photo thanks to SummitPost.

Thanks to Eriko Kojima for helpful proofing and edits. 

The Six Biological Seasons: Spring Has Now Begun!

On February 28, sandhill cranes were migrating north over Somme Prairie Grove. They jumped the gun. March is the gloriously official beginning of biological spring. 

Forget those tired old Four Seasons. They are the "astronomical seasons." But other systems of seasons predominate in many cultures around the world. That system of four seasons doesn’t fit us well, here in the Tallgrass.

Some of us have begun celebrating six rich seasons that we find more more meaningful and worth celebrating: 

Early Spring – March and April

The year begins (Happy New Year!) Late snows are soft and sweet. 

Early migrant birds arrive. 

Frogs head to ephemeral breeding ponds and sing up a storm.  

Controlled burns for places missed last fall. 

Permanent resident birds pair up and start to build nests. (Woodpeckers, chickadees, cardinals, mourning doves, red-tailed hawks, and more.)

The few, the earliest, flowers bloom.

Late Spring – May and June

Spring flora at its height.

Tropical migrant birds return. (Warblers, tanagers, vireos, hummingbirds, buntings, and more.) 

Heavenly temperatures. 

Most wild babies are born.

Summer – July and August

Wild babies grow full size – but in many cases are still kind of goofy and dependent.

Many people (and ainmals) relish the wilderness most in its delicious mornings and evenings.

Warm-season grasses and wildflowers reach full height

Early Fall – September and October

First cool winds put a spring in people’s steps.

Many migrant birds leave for Central and South America.

Fruits, grains, and most seeds ripen (and are eaten and gathered).

Most restoration seeds gathered and prepped for broadcast.

Numbers of birds, mammals, and insects massively greater than in spring.

Gentians cap a growing season of blooms with blue majesty. 

Late Fall – November and December

Still many sweet days in which our spirits celebrate the growing season that’s been.

Most restoration seeds blessed by broadcast into the ecosystem.

Warm season grasses die (above ground) and start a second life as fuel for fire. Tree leaves turn bright or somber colors and then, too, carpet the woodlands with fuel.

Fewer and fewer animals. They've migrated, hibernated, or are otherwise gone.

Healing or renewing fires sweep woods and grasslands.

Winter

People and many other mammals live off food stored from the other five seasons.

Winter birds arrive from Canada (“Snowbirds” or juncos, “tree” or tundra sparrows, snowy owls in some years, and more).

The season of brush-cuts and bonfires.

We stewards study, plan, and prepare; cast off hypotheses that no longer make sense; select new ideals and priorities. 

Cold and predation cull most of last year’s young.

Snow and cold prepare wild seeds to germinate in early or late spring. 

Then a new year begins.

Like many calendars in many parts of the world, the new year begins with the birth of another season of life and growth. 

It's a wonderful world - especially for the people, animals, and plants of the tallgrass woods, savannas, prairies and wetlands. 

We celebrate spring. 

 

Acknowledgements

Cranes over Somme photo by Lisa Musgrave