“O sweet spontaneous
earth how often …
has the naughty thumb
of science prodded
thy beauty”
e.e.cummings
How much meddling with the ecosystem is too much?
Or, to look at the flip side, when does “leave it alone” become
shameful neglect?
This is a report on the prairie white-fringed orchid (Platanthera leucophaea) at Somme Prairie
Grove. It’s a drama of a threatened species coming back from the brink.
Under modern conditions, neglected populations of this
classic prairie species die out. Without our help, this orchid (and many, many
species) would soon be gone from the Earth.
My adventure with the orchid began in the late 1970s when I
was just starting my career. I got a report that a young fellow had found it in
a forest preserve. Rufino Osorio grew up in a rough and crime-ridden inner city
neighborhood, but his grandmother in Puerto Rico had introduced him to the love
of plants. In Chicago, he figured out that the Montrose Avenue bus would take
him to Schiller Woods Forest Preserve along the Des Plaines River. It was an
Eden to him, in many ways. But when he found the orchid, he had to tell
somebody. Rufino called the Audubon Society, and they put him through to me at
the Illinois Nature Preserves Commission.
Did this kid know what he was talking about? The orchid blooms for just a couple of weeks. Rufino gave me
directions.
I went. I saw. I was in love.
I organized volunteer expeditions to Schiller Woods to cut
back the brush that was threatening to shade these beauties out ... and snuff the whole
prairie community there. We did great work, but we noticed that the orchid
rarely set seed, and its numbers were diminishing.
Then, out of the blue, Marlin Bowles of the Illinois
Department of Conservation dropped by my apartment with a white-fringed orchid sticking
out of a 7-Up bottle. It had been broken off by accident, and he’d
rescued it, he said, for scientific purposes. Sure enough, it was destined for
greatness, because he used it to teach me how to perform one of the great intimacies of nature.
PHOTO CAPTION: This gorgeous flower is brilliantly functional. The nectar is at the bottom of those long tubes that curve down from the back of the flower. To find out why, read about "playing-hard-to-get" orchid sex, below.
Reproduction among the orchids is otherworldly. Only
a few species of hawk moths can pollinate this one. The pollinator needs a
prodigious tongue, because the orchid plays hard-to-get with its nectar.
There’s a huge amount, but it’s at the bottom of a tube
that is longer than the tongue of any bee or butterfly or hummingbird or almost
any moth.
Marlin knew why the Schiller Woods orchids produced little
or no seed. Pollinators are few, and the moths rarely find the orchids. When a
moth does find the flower, it backs up, unrolls its tongue, feeds that long tongue
down to the bottom of the nectar tube and drinks. It also gets a pollen packet stuck to its head
or the base of its tongue, and flies on the to next plant (where conception now
occurs).
Marlin taught me (and I subsequently taught many other volunteers) to mimic
the moth with a toothpick. Once you have the pollen packet stuck to the pick,
you go to another orchid and press it against its “stigma” – a sticky patch
just above the opening that leads to the nectar. When you do it right, the stem
of the pollen packet stretches accordion-like until the now-sticky pollen pops
back from the sticky stigma, ready to meet the ovaries of the next flower. It’s
hard to describe, but it’s incredibly gooey, elegant, and sexy. And it makes
baby orchids.
PHOTO
CAPTION:
As
this toothpick draws back from touching the sticky “sigma” – one pollinium’s
stalk is stretched way out. The other pollinium on the toothpick, which didn’t contact the stigma,
shows what both had looked like, seconds before. To an orchid, would this photo
be pornographic?
Rufino and I and our pals in the North Branch Prairie
Project wanted seed – so that the orchids could have a chance to reproduce in
the many prairie patches where we were cutting brush and restoring diversity.
Orchid conservation isn’t for people who require instant
gratification, beyond the sex part. It was five years before we saw the first
results from our new seed. After four years of nothing, I frankly wasn’t
thinking much about orchids in July 1985 when I got a call from insect
researcher Ron Panzer.
“Packard, you’re a genius,” he announced. I asked for detail.
He reminded me that he’d first thought Somme Prairies Grove was ecological junk, but now, on return visit a few years later, he was finding
many rare insects and plants including, of all things, the prairie
white-fringed orchid.
He assumed I’d already seen them. I had not. He gave
detailed directions, and I raced up there the next morning. Now comes the start
of our next chapter – betrayal, evil, tragedy and restoration.
There was no orchid where Marlin told me to look. The directions
had been simple, and you can’t miss it. Only one explanation was likely. White-tailed
deer eat (and in some cases completely wipe out) many endangered and threatened
plant species. They especially like orchids.
In 1986, I prowled the spot Ron described and found four
orchids in bud. Oh, Yes! In 1987, I found three – and more at other North
Branch sites where we’d scattered Rufino’s seeds. A successful restoration
experiment?
Those were busy times for me, and I didn’t get a chance to
see whether these plants successfully escaped the deer, attracted moths and set
seed. In 1988 I found zero. Okay, nature can be like that. But in ‘89 and ’90,
also zero. In 1991, blessedly, there were four plants. Then in 1992 – another zero.
Success? Failure? Which would it be? The next year would be the start of a
whole new chapter.
For this account, I checked 1993 in my restoration journal;
I found not a word of the orchids on any summer date. But in the back of the journal, where
the special species counts are, under its scientific name, I find the entry “3*”.
And at the bottom of the page next to the * are the words “put in chicken-wire
cage for protection from deer.” I had found three and caged them.
Has it come to this? The orchids in little prisons? But this
was at least a stop-gap measure to ward off local extinction. Those three or
four orchids we were seeing on some years now would have a chance to start a
population. They started to benefit from three different types of “meddling.”
First – the cages. Second – hand-pollination of every plant every year. The third
was the hardest: with many others we worked to achieve public recognition of
deer over-population. Both the Village of Northbrook and the Forest Preserve
District began culling to bring deer numbers into balance with the rest of the
ecosystem.
There was also an amazing vote of confidence from the U.S.
government. The Fish & Wildlife Service began work to protect this
endangered species. It was declining most everywhere – except the little North
Branch sites where we volunteers were tending it. Fish & Wildlife
contracted with The Nature Conservancy (where I then worked) to replicate this success
at many sites in northern Illinois (the heart of the plant’s range). I was
honored to see the initiative started by Rufino and me adopted as a model. I
also looked at our encouraging, but really rather feeble, success data and
whispered to myself under my breath, “I hope this works.”
(There’s
an important side note here. No one was caging the orchids at Schiller Woods. Deer
numbers there were very high - and orchid numbers decreasing. No orchids have been found at
the site where Rufino had first discovered them since 2003.)
Summary of Phase 1:
During the twelve years including 1986 through 1997, we found no orchids in five
of those years. In the other six years we found a few, with a
twelve-year average of 1.8 orchids per year. This may seem a pathetically small
population for all this history, but just you wait. The key fact was that orchid
habitat was here, and these plants (22 over the 12 years) were each making 50,000 to
100, 000 seeds per year (once the deer weren’t eating them). In other
words, perhaps one million tiny endangered seeds were floating through
the air and landing in potential habitat.
Orchids have seed like dust, designed
to blow in the wind. The seeds are so small that they’re barely visible to the
naked eye. No seed coat, no “germ,” no structures of any kind. Just a few
undifferentiated cells. When the wind drops one in the dirt, another drama
starts. A specialized fungus must infect it, as if to devour yet another piece
of soil detritus. The orchid seems not to resist this assault – but it uses judo.
Soon the fungus finds that, instead of gaining nourishment, it is losing it.
The orchid is eating the fungus.
 |
Daniel Suarez braces his hand on a green metal post. It held the
deer-proof cage he has removed briefly to pollinate. Posts? Cages?
Toothpicks? Is this too much prodding and poking?
|
An orchid initially lives
for years entirely underground, like a mole, or a fungus-y thing that only
vaguely remembers its green parent plant soaking up the sun with
photosynthesis. The plant consists of a root only. But it is a root that grows
bigger each summer. It builds up resources until, three or more years later, it
decides it’s ready to put up a green leaf and start competing with the regular
plants.
Some orchids live a long time. Not this one. Most white-fringed orchids glory in only two to four years of knock-out flowers and then die. It’s those hundreds of thousands of seeds that live on, if given a chance.
Of course, that’s a challenge for us stewards, because we
never know where to put cages until the deer have had way too much opportunity
to find the sweet little orchid leaf. So now comes another kind of
pampering. We search for and cage them in May when the first emerge.
Phase 2 of the Somme Orchid Drama represents a clear step
forward. During the ten years from 1998 through 2007, we found orchids every
year with an average of 8.2 per year. We found them in three other parts of the
preserve. Now four little sub-populations were broadcasting their millions of
seeds. (To put our numbers in perspective, in 2006 the U.S. Fish & Wildlife
Service found a total of only 109 plants spread over more than thirty sites in
northern Illinois.)
Immediate gratification? Just fifteen short years from the
start of intensive restoration in 1993? Hey, this is getting exciting.
Before I give the results through 2012, here's a summary list of the kinds of meddling or
pampering we did:
- Ecosystem restoration for the donor population
- Hand pollinating the donor population
- Harvesting and bringing seed to the restored site
- Years of overall habitat restoration for the new
site
- Hand pollinating the new plants
- Seed dispersal in areas we select, throughout
the new site
- Caging from the deer
- Deer culling
- Caging from voles (Those little
rascals cut the bottoms when deer couldn’t cut the tops.)
- Watering (when we had a chance to) during
droughts
- Sampling and analysis to help decide how many
plants and flowers to pollinate
- Controlled burns approximately every two years
- Pulling or herbiciding invasive weeds
- Cutting and stump-treating invasive shrubs and
trees
A person could argue that we were weakening the population with all this coddling. But natural selection is a
powerful thing, especially with all those millions of seeds. Any weaklings drop
out.
So - results. The graph shows numbers of plants through 2012. Note that we had to change the scale of the graph:
Is nature better off if we leave it alone, or if we’re good
stewards?
For me, this graph answers the question, at least for this
species ... at this site ... so far.
In 2012, at Somme Prairie Grove, we had 345 plants in seven
major subpopulations. In addition, the orchids are popping up in odd corners all
around the site, whether we’ve scattered seed there or not. This is now one of the world's largest populations. Will it be robust year after year? Only time will tell. But the first thirty years of our stewardship are looking pretty good.
Helping nature recover makes us happy.
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Photos by Lisa Culp Musgrave who has also done or coordinated much
of the pollinating, caging and monitoring since she joined the Somme Team in 2008. Lisa is now a respected member of the U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service's orchid recover program. She has done "how to" presentations at conferences and trained many new "orchid stewards."
Rufino’s website: http://rufino-osorio.blogspot.com/
